[Association between hydrogenated and non-hydrogenated vegetable oils and metabolic syndrome among Tehranian adults: Tehran lipid and glucose study]

Introduction: In recent years, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome [MetS] in various countries shows a fast, rising trend, that can be caused by lifestyle changes, including changes in diet. Despite the possible association between dietary fats and the MetS receiving attention, limited studies have determined the association between oils [hydrogenated and non-hydrogenated] and the MetS. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between hydrogenated and non-hydrogenated vegetable oils and the metabolic syndrome among Tehranian adults

Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted within the framework of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study between 2005 and 2008, on 2457 adults, aged 19-84 years. Intakes of vegetable oils were assessed using a validated semi quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Anthropometrics, blood pressure, and biochemical measurements were assessed. The metabolic syndrome based on the definition of the Iranian National Committee of Obesity

Results: Mean age and BMI of participants was 39.3 years and 25.7 kg/m2, respectively. Median daily intakes of hydrogenated vegetable oils [HVOs] were 9.6 g/d and those of non-hydrogenated vegetable oils [NHVOs] were 6.0 g/d. Higher intakes of HVOs and NHVOs were associated with higher intakes of total energy intake, total fat, saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, fiber, vegetables, legumes, meat, poultry and fish and lower intake of carbohydrates. After controlling for potential confounders, compared to the lowest tertile of HVOs, odds ratio for metabolic syndrome in the highest tertile was 2.54 [95% CI: 1.53-4.23]. NHVOs were not associated with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome

Conclusions: HVOs intake was found to be positively associated with metabolic syndrome among Tehranian adults

Effect of nigella sativa oil extract on lipid profiles in type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial

Improvement of lipid abnormalities are important in the prevention of diabetes complications. The study aimed to determine the effect of nigella sativa oil extract oil on blood lipid abnormalities in patients with type 2 diabetes. In this double blind randomized clinical trial, 43 men and women with type 2 diabetes who were randomized to the intervention [n=23] and placebo [n=20] groups were studied and compared. The intervention group received 2 capsules daily, [500 mg extract of Black Seed Oil] while the control group took 2 capsules [500 mg, placebo daily] for 8 weeks, respectively. Lipid profiles were measured at the beginning and end of the intervention. Mean age and body mass index of participants was 53.7 +/- 6.0 y and 28.6 +/- 5.4 kg/m2, respectively. At the end of the eighth week, the concentrations of serum triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol and LDL to HDL cholesterol of the intervention group were compared to the placebo group, and a significant reduction [P<0.05] was found. However concentrations of HDL cholesterol and total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ratio, at the of the end eighth week in the intervention group and the control group showed no significant difference. Black Seed Oil extract improves lipid profiles in type 2 diabetic patients

[Effect of legumes intake on the oxidative stress markers in type 2 diabetes patients: a randomized cross-over study]

Oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathogenesis of late diabetic complications, the markers of which could be improved by the beneficial effects of legumes. In this randomized crossover trial, 24 overweight subjects, aged 50-80 years, with type 2 diabetes, were selected. We aimed to determine the effects of non-soybean legumes consumption on oxidative stress markers such as ox-LDL [oxidative LDL], MDA [Malonedialdehyde] and TAC [total antioxidant capacity] in type 2 diabetic patients. The subjects were randomly assigned into two groups, receiving two diets - the TLC [controls] or the TLC diet with legumes [receiving 2 servings of legumes instead of meat three days of the week in the TLC diet]. Duration of each diet was 8 weeks with a 4 week wash-out period. At the beginning and end of each dietary period, fasting plasma glucose, ox-LDL, MDA, TAC and weight were measured. After the nutritional intervention, diabetic patients, those individuals who followed the legume-based TLC diet had significant reduction in ox- LDL [-3.1 +/- 0.5 vs. -0.7 +/- 0.4; P=0.003] and MDA [-1.1 +/- 0.2 vs. -0.3 +/- 0.1; P=0.006], but no change was observed in the TAC and BMI of the case and control groups. The legume-based TLC diet improves oxidative stress markers in diabetic patients, compared to the legume-free TLC diet

[Effect of modified diet on lipid profiles in type 2 diabetic patients]

This study compares the effects of modified diets containing legumes on fasting blood glucose and lipid profiles in patients with type II diabetes. In this randomized crossover trial, 24 subjects with type 2 diabetes, age range of 50 to 80 years, were selected and randomly assigned to two groups, one receiving diets of therapeutic lifestyle change [controls] or the other, with therapeutic lifestyle change with legumes [replacing meat with 2 servings of legumes in their therapeutic lifestyle change diet, three days a week]. Period of each diet was 8 weeks with a 4 week wash out period. Fasting blood samples were taken to measure the fasting plasma glucose and blood lipid profiles [LDL-C, triglycerides, HDL-C, total cholesterol]. Compared to the therapeutic lifestyle change diet, in the group with the therapeutic lifestyle change diet with legumes, diet were fasting insulin, total cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly decreased [P<0.05]. After 8 weeks intervention fasting plasma glucose and LDL cholesterol in both diets significantly reduced compared with baseline values [P<0.05], while, no significant change was observed in HDL cholesterol. Replacement of 2 servings of legumes instead of meat 3 days a week in the TLC diet resulted in improved total cholesterol and triglyceride levels

[Association between glycemic index, glycemic load and cardiovascular risk factors in adults]

Limited studies on the relation between the cardiovascular diseases [CVDs] risk factors and dietary glycemic index [GI] and glycemic load [GL] are available. This study was done to determine the association between glycemic index, glycemic load and cardiovascular risk factors in adults. This descriptive study was carried out on 2284 subjects [1327 males, 957 females] with 19-84 age in Tehran, Iran during 2005-08. Dietary GI and GL were assessed using a validated semi quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Blood pressure, Anthropometric, fasting blood of glucose and lipid profiles including total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein [HDL] and low density lipoprotein [LDL] as a CVDs risk factors were measured. The mean intake of nutrient, adjusted for energy production, gender, age, according to GI and GL, using general linear model analysis covariance test was measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS-15, one-way analysis variance, Chi-Square, partial correlation and Linear regression. The mean intakes of glycemic index and glycemic load were 68.3 and 244.8, respectively. Dietary GI and GL was inversely associated with whole grain and positively associated with refined grained, fruits, dairy products and simple sugar. After adjustment for lifestyle and dietary variables, dietary GI was inversely associated with triglyceride and HDL cholesterol concentrations among obese subjects. Dietary GL was inversely associated with fasting and 2-h blood glucose among non-obese subjects after adjustment for confounders. GI in obese men associated with serum increase triglyceride and reduced HDL-C. Glycemic load in a non-obese man is correlated with reducing fasting blood glucose

[Effect of Ardeh on components of metabolic syndrome in - type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized clinical trial]

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic disorders associated with cardiovascular disease. Animal and human experimental studies have shown the beneficial effects of sesame oil on the components of the metabolic syndrome; however, the effect of Ardeh [grounded sesame seed] is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine effect of Ardeh on components of the metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetic patients. In this clinical trial, 40 type 2 diabetic patients were recruited and randomly assigned into two groups, the control and Ardeh consumers. The breakfast energy content of participants, was planned at around 270 kcal. In the Ardeh consumer group, part of their breakfast was replaced by 2 Tsp Ardeh, whereas controls consumed the usual breakfast. Waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, serum concentrations of glucose, triglycerides and HDL-C were measured at baseline and again 6 weeks after intervention. In the Ardeh consumer group after six weeks mean serum triglyceride concentration decreased significantly [144 +/- 9.8 vs. 175 +/- 11.4 mg/dL] [P<0.05] and HDL-C increased [51.7 +/- 1.7 vs. 11.5 mg/dL], compared with controls. Means of other components of metabolic syndrome showed no significant changes between Ardeh consumer and control groups. Our results suggest that consumption of 28 g/d Ardeh has a beneficial effect on some components of metabolic syndrome, findings that need to be confirmed by further investigations

[Food groups, inflammatory markers and the metabolic syndrome in adults]

Inflammation is a common recognized complication of metabolic syndrome. Our objective was to study the association between food groups, inflammatory markers and the metabolic syndrome in adults. This case control study was conducted on 80 subjects with metabolic syndrome as cases and 160 controls without the syndrome. Metabolic syndrome was defined based on criteria of the Adult Treatment Panel III. Anthropometric, biochemical profiles, blood pressure and inflammatory markers were documented. Statistical analysis were performed using logistic regression and linear regression. Legumes, fruits, dairy product and red meat were inversely and starchy vegatables were found to be positively associated with metabolic syndrome. After adjusment for confounding factors, legumes, fruits and dairy remained significant. Compared with the lowest quartile category odds ratio for Mets in the highest quartile of legumes and fruits intakes was 60% lower, after adjustment for confounding factors. Also compared with the lowest quartile category metabolic syndrome odds ratio in the highest quartile category of dairy was 40% lower. In the highest quartile category of fruit, dairy and legumes, hs-C Reactive Protein concentration was significantly lower, after adjustment for confounding factors. Fruit, dairy and legumes consumption were inversly associated with metabolic syndrome and hs-C Reactive Protein concentration in this group of adult Iranians

[Inflammatory markers, the metabolic syndrome and body mass index in adults]

Our objective was to study the association between inflammatory markers and the metabolic syndrome and body mass index in adults. This case control study was conducted on 80 subjects with metabolic syndrome as cases and 160 controls without metabolic syndrome. The metabolic syndrome in patients was defined based on Adult Treatment Panel III. Anthropometries, biochemical profiles, and inflammatory markers [high sensitive C reactive protein and serum amyloid A] were documented. The study included 39 women and 41 men with metabolic syndrome as cases, and 78 women and 82 men in the control group, with average ages of 41.4 +/- 8.3 and 41.3 +/- 7.7 years, respectively. In subjects with the metabolic syndrome, high sensitive C reactive protein and serum amyloid A concentrations were higher than in those without the metabolic syndrome. In women of both the case and control groups, high sensitive C reactive protein concentration was positively associated with body mass index. In women without metabolic syndrome a positive association was found between serum amyloid A and body mass index. In men with metabolic syndrome, a positive association was found between high sensitive C reactive protein and waist circumference. High sensitive C reactive protein concentration increased in subjects with the metabolic syndrome and was positively associated with BMI in women and with waist circumference in men

Association between dietary fiber intake and metabolic syndrome: tehran lipid and glucose study

There is little known about the relation between metabolic syndrome and fiber intake are available in Iran. We evaluated the relation between total, and various types and sources of dietary fiber and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. In this cross sectional study, 2457 adults, aged 19-84 years were studied. Total dietary fiber intake and its types and sources were assessed using a validated semi quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Blood pressure, Anthropometrie, and biochemical measurements were assessed. The metabolic syndrome was defined according to definition by Iranien National Committee of Obesity. In the multivariate-adjusted odds ratio, intakes of total [OR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.39-0.74], both soluble [OR: 0.60; 95% Cl: 0.43-0.84] and insoluble dietary fiber [OR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.35-0.72], fruit fiber [OR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.37-0.72], legume fiber [OR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.53-0.99] and cereal fiber [OR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.57-0.97] were inversely associated with the metabolic syndrome. There was not significant association between usîng vegetable and nut fiber and prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Total dietary fiber, both soluble and insoluble fibers, and especially fruit and legumes fibers, reduce the metabolic syndrome among adults in Tehran

[Prevalence of malnutrition in hospitalized patients in Taleghani hospital in Tehran]

Malnutrition in hospital increases the mortality of patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of malnutrition and related risk factors in hospitalized patients. This descriptive study was carried out on 446 patients [217 males, 229 females] during 6 months, admitted to the Taleghani hospital in Tehran, Iran during 2005. Anthropometric measurements and previous admission to hospital in previous 6 months for each patient was recorded. Mild, moderate and severe malnutrition were considered as BMI=18-20 kg/m[2] and TSF, or MAMC<10th, or weight loss<5%; as BMI=16-18kg/m[2] and TSF, or MAMC<5th, or weight loss 5-10% and severe as BMI<16kg/m[2] and TSF, or MAMC<5th or weight loss>10% in previous 6 months respectively. The prevalence rate of malnutrition as a general was 52% with following subdivision: 14%, 10% and 28% in mild, moderate and severe, respectively. The highest prevalence of malnutrition observed in gastrointestinal ward, males, those aged 18-29 year and patients with secondary and high school education. In malnourished patients, the prevalence of TSF, MAC and MAMC <5th were significantly more than of well-nourished subjects [P<0.05]. Increase BMI per unit decreased the risk of malnutrition by 17% [OR: 0.83; CI: 0.79-0.87]. Malnutrition was 64% higher in patients with 1 >/= gastrointestinal disturbances, compared with those without it and 2.1 higher in patients with 2 >/= -hospitalized readmission, compared with subjects without readmission in previous 6 month. Odds ratio of at least one hospitalized admission in previous 6 month was 1.64 in patients with MAC <5th, compared with those with MAC 50-75th [P<0.017]. This study showed that Malnutrition upon hospitalization is common in Tehran. BMI, gastrointestinal disturbances, and readmission were associated with malnutrition

[Dietary legumes intake and metabolic syndrome and its component in adults]

Epidemiologic data on the association between legume intakes and chronic disease are sparse. Our objective was to study the association between dietary legume intake and metabolic syndrome and its components. This case-control study was conducted on 80 subjects newly diagnosed with metabolic syndrome as cases and 160 controls without the metabolic syndrome. The metabolic syndrome in patients was defined based on Adult Treatment Panel III, and biochemical profiles, anthropometric and dietary intakes were documented. Intakes of legumes were determined in the two groups and subjects with metabolic syndrome were divided into four groups according to the cut-offs of legume intake among controls. Mean age of subjects in the two groups was 41.4 years [range 25-55 y]. Mean [ +/- SD] intake of energy-adjusted legume intake was 137.8 +/- 13.6 and 130.0 +/- 12.2 g/wk [P<0.005] in controls and cases, respectively. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was lower in the highest as compared with the lowest quartile of legume intake, 16.7% and 46.7 respectively [P<0.005]. After statistical control for confounders, decreases in triglyceride concentrations, fasting blood glucose, systolic blood pressure, and increase in HDL-C concentration were observed across increasing quartile categories of legume intake. After control for confounding factors, subjects in the highest quartile of legumes intake had a lower chance of having the metabolic syndrome than did those in the lowest quartile [OR 0.27; 95%CI 0.08-0.91]. Dietary legume intake is inversely associated with the risk of having metabolic syndrome and some of its components

[Glycemic index and glycemic load in relation with metabolic syndrome and its components]

Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of metabolic abnormalities that increase the risk of chronic diseases such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. This study aimed at examing the associations between dietary glycemic index [GI] and glycemic load [GL] intake using the three definition of metabolic syndrome [Mets] and each of their components. Blood samples and 24-hour dietary recalls were obtained from 120 healthy adults, without Mets or diabetes, aged >/= 40 yr, participants of the Tehran Glucose and Lipid study, in the east of Tehran. Anthropometric indices, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, trygliceride, LDL-cholestrol and HDL-cholestrol were determined and GI and GL were measured in those who developed Mets after six years and results were compared to those subjects without Mets. Mets was defined according to criterias set by ATPIII, WHO and IDF. After adjustment for potential confounding variables, GI and GL were inversely associated with ATPIII and IDF definitions. After adjustment for confounding lifestyle and dietary factors the prevalence of Mets was significantly higher among those in the highest quintile of GI [OR: 4. 5; 95%CI: 1-19.2] and GL[OR:4.8; 95%CI;1. 1-20.6] compared to those in the lowest quintile category. On the other hand, after controlling for potential confounders, subjects in the highest quintile of GI, had higher LDL-cholestrol [P=0.005], body mass index [P=0.003] and lower HDL-cholestrol [P=0.01], than did those in the lowest quintile. Highest quintile of GL was associated with higher LDL-cholestrol [P=0.001] and lower HDL-cholestrol [P=0.015]. Results suggest that GI and GL may have unfavorable effects on metabolic syndrome and its components